Chapter-3: The Making of a Global world
Very Short Answer Type Questions (VSAQ) [1 Mark]
Q 1. What was the Bretton Wood system?
(a) Post war the military system (b) Post war political system (c) Post war international economic system (d) None of these
Q 2. People livelihood and local economy of which one of the following was badly affected by the disease named Rinderpest.
(a) Asia (b) Europe (c) Africa (d) South America
Q 3. Which of the following place was an important destination for indentured migrants?
(a) Florida (b) Melbourne (c) Caribbean island (d) Mexico
Q 4. The group of powers collectively known as the Axis power during the Second World War were:
(a) Germany, Italy, Japan (b) Austria, Germany, Italy (c) France,Japan, Italy (d) Japan, Germany, Turkey
Q 5. Who among the following is a Nobel Prize winner?
(a) V.S. Naipaul (b) J.M. Keynes (c) Shivnarine Chanderpaul (d) Ramnaresh Sarwan
Q 6. Which of the following statements correctly identifies the corn laws?
(a) Restricted the import of corn to England (b) Allowed the import of corn to England (c) Imposed tax on corn (d) Abolished the sale of corn
Q 7. Which of the following is the direct effect of Great Depression on Indian Trade?
(a) Peasants and farmers suffered (b) Indian exports and imports nearly halved between 1928-1934 (c) Peasants’ indebtedness increased (d) Led to widespread unrest in rural India
Q 8. Which of the following enabled the Europeans to conquer and control the Africans?
(a) Victory in war (b) Control over the scarce resource of cattle (c) Death of Africans due to rinderpest (d) Lack of weapons in Africa to fight against the Europeans
Q 9. Who discovered the vast continent, later known as America?
(a) Vasco de Gama (b) Christopher Columbus (c) V S Naipaul (d) None of these
Q 10. Until 18th century which two countries were considered the richest in the world?
(a) India and China (b) China and Japan (c) England and France (d) England and Italy
Q 11. Why were the Europeans attracted to Africa?
(a) By its natural beauty (b) By the opportunities for investment (c) For its vast land resources and mineral wealth (d) For recruitment of labour
Q 12. Transport of perishable goods over long distance was possible because of
(a) improved railways (b) airline services (c) refrigerated ships (d) steam ships
Q 13. The World Bank was set-up to
(a) finance rehabilitation of refugees. (b) finance post war construction. (c) finance industrial development (d) help third world countries.
Q 14. The Chutney music was popular in _______ and ______.
Q 15. Before the war, ______was a major supplier of wheat in the world market.
Q 16. The method used by Henry Ford for faster and cheaper automobile production was known as___
State whether True/False
Q 17. Peru was called the city of gold.
Q 18. The silk route helped in cultural and commercial exchange.
Q 19. Second World War did not result in economic devastation and social disruption.
Q 20. Match the columns.
COLUNMN A COLUMN B
Great Depression - IMF and World Bank
Hosay - Group of developing countries
Bretton Wood institution - Punjab
Canel colonies - Riotous carnival
G- 77 - Agricultural overproduction
Q 21. Most Indian indentured workers came from:
(a) Eastern Uttar Pradesh (b) North-eastern states (c) Jammu and Kashmir (d) None of these
Q 22. Who adopted the concept of an assembly line to produce automobiles?
(a) Henry Ford (b) Karl Benz (c) V.S. Naipaul (d) Samuel Morse
Q 23. _________ travelled west from China to be called “Spaghetti’.
Q 24. Tax imposed on a country’s imports from the rest of the world is called ________ .
Q 25. Britain was the world’s leading economy during the pre-First World War period. (True/False)
Q 26. The IMF and the World Bank were designed to meet the financial needs of the industrial countries. (True/False)
Q 27. What is 'El Dorado' in South America famous for?
Q 28. Through which route the Early Christian missionaries travelled to Asia?
Q 29. Which food travelled west from China to be called spaghetti?
Q 30. The introduction of which crop led the European poor to eat better and live longer?
Q 31. Name the crop that our ancestors did not know until about five centuries ago?
Q 32. Who discovered the continent of America?
Q 33. Which European country first conquered America?
Q 34. Which powerful weapon was used by Spanish to conquer America?
Q 35. Name two countries which were world's richest countries till the 18th century.
Q 36. What were Corn Laws?
Q 37. How was the transport of perishable foods possible over long distances?
Q 38. Why did the big European powers meet in Berlin in 1885?
Q 39. What was rinderpest? When did it arrive in Africa?
Q 40. What is indentured labour?
Q 41. What were the main destinations of Indian indentured migrants?
Q 42. What was 'Hosay'?
Q 43. Who popularised Rastafarianism?
Q 44. What was Chutney music?
Q 45. Name a Nobel Prize winning writer who is a descendant of indentured labour from India?
Q 46. Which West-Indies cricketers trace their roots to indentured labour migrants from India?
Q 47. Who were 'Coolies'?
Q 48. What is meant by trade surplus?
Q 49. Who were the ‘Allies’ during the First World War?
Q 50. Which country was not a member of the Central Powers?
Q 51. Who adopted the concept of an assembly line to produce automobiles?
Q 52. Who made the best-cost cutting decision?
Q 53. What was the 'hire purchase' system?
Q 54. Name the countries who were members of Axis Powers.
Q 55. Who were the Allies during the Second World War?
Q 56. Which institution was established in the Bretton Woods Conference?
Q 57. What was the Bretton Woods System?
Q 58. What is referred to as the ‘Bretton Woods twins’?
Q 59. What is G-77?
Q 60. Define fixed exchange rates.
Q 61. How were cowries used in the ancient period?
Q 62. What does Silk Route refer to?
Q 63. In the context of industrial production what is meant by assembly line production?
Q 64. Which country has an effective right of veto over IMF and World Bank?
Q 65. What was the aim of post-war international economic system?
Short Answer Type Questions (SAQ) [3 Marks]
Q 66. How did silk routes link the world? Explain with three suitable examples.
Q 67. How did food habits travel from one place to another in the process of cultural exchange?
Q 68. Explain with the help of any three suitable examples that the pre-modern world changed with the discovery of new sea routes to America.
Q 69. What were the Corn Laws? Why were the Corn Laws abolished? What were its effects?
Q 70. Explain any three benefits of refrigerated ships.
Q 71. Why were Europeans attracted to Africa in the late nineteenth century? Mention any three reasons.
Q 72. What was rinderpest? State any two effects of rinderpest on Africa.
Q 73. How did Rinderpest help the European colonies to conquer and subdue Africa?
Q 74. Why did the European employers find it difficult to recruit labour in Africa? Give two methods they used to recruit and retain labour.
Q 75. Write any three factors responsible for indentured labour migration from India.
Q 76. Define the term ‘trade surplus’. How was the income received from trade surplus with India used by British?
Q 77. What was the importance of the Indian trade for the British?
Q 78. Explain the impact of the First World War on British economy.
Q 79. How did the First World War affect the socio-economic conditions of the world? Mention any three points
Q 80. Explain why the economy of USA was strong in the early 1920s. Would you agree that the roots of the Great Depression lay in this ‘boom’? Give reasons for your answer.
Q 81. How did the withdrawal of US loans during the phase of the Great Depression affect the rest of the world? Explain .
Q 82. What was the impact of Great Depression on India?
Q 83. ‘Two crucial influences shaped post-war reconstruction.’ What were these influences? Explain.
Q 84. Describe any three features of Bretton Woods Agreement.
Q 85. What decisions were taken at the Bretton Woods Conference?
Q 86. ‘China became an attractive destination for investment by foreign MNCs in the 19th and 20thcenturies’. Justify the statement.
Q 87. What is meant by the term ‘globalisation’? Describe the three types of movements or flows within international economic exchange.
Q 88. Explain what we mean when we say that the world shrank in the 1500s.
Q 89. What were canal colonies in Punjab?
Q 90. Why did thousands of people flee away from Europe to America in the 19th century? Give any three reasons.
Q 91. Discuss the importance of language and popular traditions in the creation of national identity.
Q 92. Who profits from jute cultivation according to the jute growers’ lament? Explain.
Long Answer Type Questions (LSAQ) [5 Marks]
Q 93. 'Trade and cultural exchange always went hand in hand'. Explain the statement in the light of Silk Route.
Q 94. 'The Spanish conquest and colonization of America was decisively underway by the mid-sixteenth century'. Explain with example.
Q 95. ‘Britain self-sufficiency in food meant lower living standards and social conflicts in the 19th century’. Why was this so? Give reasons.
Q 96. Explain how the abolition of Corn Laws in Britain led to the emergence of a global agricultural economy.
Q 97. Examine the main features of global agricultural economy that emerged around 1890.
Q 98. Explain giving examples, the role played by technological inventions in transforming 19th century world.
Q 99. Why has 19th century indenture been described as a ‘new system of slavery’? Explain.
Q 100. How far is it correct to say that “The First World War was the first modern industrial war”? Explain.
Q 101. Describe in brief the economic conditions of the post-First World War period.
Q 102. One important feature of the US economy in the 1920’s was mass production. Explain.
Q 103. Explain any five measures adopted by America for post-war recovery.
Q 104. Explain any five causes of the Great Depression.
Q 105. Explain any five consequences of the Great Depression of 1929 on Indian economy?
Q 106. What were the major economic effects of the Second World War?
Q 107. What key lessons did politicians and economists learn from the interwar economic experiences?
Q 108. Describe the factors that led to the end of Britton Woods system and the beginning of globalization.
Q 109. Describe the circumstances responsible for the formation of G-77.
Q 110. How were the working conditions for the indentured migrants overseas? How did the different cultural form blend into new forms?
Passage Based Short Answers Type Questions (SAQ)
1. Read the sources given below and answer the questions that follow.
Source A-Conquest, Disease and Trade
In fact, the most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors was not a conventional military weapon at all. It was the germs such as those of smallpox that they carried on their person. Because of their long isolation, America’s original inhabitants had no immunity against these diseases that came from Europe. Smallpox in particular proved a deadly killer. Once introduced, it spread deep into the continent, ahead even of any Europeans reaching there. It killed and decimated whole communities, paving the way for conquest. Guns could be bought or captured and turned against the invaders. But not diseases such as smallpox to which the conquerors were mostly immune. Until the nineteenth century, poverty and hunger were common in Europe. Cities were crowded and deadly diseases were widespread. Religious conflicts were common, and religious dissenters were persecuted. Thousands therefore fled Europe for America. Hereby the eighteenth century, plantations worked by slaves captured in Africa was growing cotton and sugar for European markets.
Source B- A World Economy Takes Shape P
opulation growth from the late eighteenth century had increased The demand for food grains in Britain. As urban centers expanded and industry grew, the demand for agricultural products went up, pushing up food grain prices. Under pressure from landed groups, the government also restricted the import of corn. The laws allowing the government to do this were commonly known as the ‘Corn Laws’. Unhappy with high food prices, industrialists and urban dwellers forced the abolition of the Corn Laws. After the Corn Laws were scrapped, food could be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced within the country. British agriculture was unable to compete with imports. Vast areas of land were now left uncultivated, and thousands of men and women were thrown out of work. They flocked to the cities or migrated overseas.
Source C – Silk Routes Link the World
The silk routes are a good example of vibrant pre-modern trade and cultural links between distant parts of the world. The name ‘silk routes’ points to the importance of West-bound Chinese silk cargoes along this route. Historians have identified several silk routes, overland and by sea, knitting together vast regions of Asia, and linking Asia with Europe and northern Africa. They are known to have existed since before the Christian Era and thrived almost till the fifteenth century. But Chinese pottery also travelled the same route, as did textiles and spices from India and Southeast Asia. In return, precious metals – gold and silver – flowed from Europe to Asia. Trade and cultural exchange always went hand in hand. Early Christian missionaries almost certainly travelled this route to Asia, as did early Muslim preachers a few centuries later. Much before all this, Buddhism emerged from eastern India and spread in several directions through intersecting points on the silk routes. five centuries ago. These foods were only introduced in Europe and Asia after Christopher Columbus accidentally discovered the vast continent that would later become known as the Americas.
Source A- Conquest, Disease and Trade
Q.1 Which problems were common in Europe until the nineteenth century?
Source B- A World Economy Takes Shape
Q.2. What happened after the Corn Laws were abolished?
Source C –Silk Routes Link the World
Q3. ‘Silk routes are a good example of vibrant pre-modern trade and cultural links between distant parts of the world.’ Examine the Statement.
2. Read the sources given below and answer the questions that follow.
Source A- Indentured Labour Migration from India
The example of indentured labour migration from India also illustrates the two-sided nature of the nineteenthcentury world. It was a world of faster economic growth as well as great misery, higher incomes for some and poverty for others, technological advances in some areas and new forms of coercion in others. In the nineteenth century, hundreds of thousands of Indian and Chinese labourers went to work on plantations, in mines, and in road and railway construction projects around the world. In India, indentured labourers were hired under contracts which promised return travel to India after they had worked five years on their employer’s plantation.
Source B- Rinderpest or the Cattle Plague
In Africa, in the 1890s, a fast-spreading disease of cattle plague or rinderpest had a terrifying impact on people’s livelihoods and the local economy. This is a good example of the widespread European imperial impact on colonised societies. It shows how in this era of conquest even a disease affecting cattle reshaped the lives and fortunes of thousands of people and their relations with the rest of the world. Historically, Africa had abundant land and a relatively small population. For centuries, land and livestock sustained African livelihoods and people rarely worked for a wage. In late nineteenth- century Africa there were few consumer goods that wages could buy. If you had been an African possessing land and livestock – and there was plenty of both – you too would have seen little reason to work for a wage.
Source C – Food Travels
Many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes, and so on were not known to our ancestors until about five centuries ago. These foods were only introduced in Europe and Asia after Christopher Columbus accidentally discovered the vast continent that would later become known as the Americas. (Here we will use ‘America’ to describe North America, South America and the Caribbean.) In fact, many of our common foods came from America’s original inhabitants – the American Indians. Sometimes the new crops could make the difference between life and death. Europe’s poor began to eat better and live longer with the introduction of the humble potato. Ireland’s poorest peasants became so dependent on potatoes that when disease destroyed the potato crop in the mid-1840s, hundreds of thousands died of starvation.
Source A- Indentured Labour Migration from India
Q1. What do you mean by ‘Indentured Labour’?
Source B- Rinderpest or the Cattle Plague
Q2. What was Rinderpest?
Source C – Food Travels
Q3. In what ways did food items offer scope for long distance cultural exchange? Explain.
3. Read the sources given below and answer the questions that follow.
Source A- MNCs
Corporations (MNCs) are large companies that operate in several countries at the same time. The first MNCs were established in the 1920s. Many more came up in the 1950s and 1960s as US businesses expanded worldwide and Western Europe and Japan also recovered to become powerful industrial economies. The worldwide spread of MNCs was a notable feature of the 1950s and 1960s. This was partly because high import tariffs imposed by different governments forced MNCs to locate their manufacturing operations and become ‘domestic producers’ in as many countries as possible.
Source B-End of Bretton Woods and the Beginning of ‘Globalisation’
The IMF and the World Bank were designed to meet the financial needs of the industrial countries. They were not equipped to cope with the challenge of poverty and lack of development in the former colonies. But as Europe and Japan rapidly rebuilt their economies, they grew less dependent on the IMF and the World Bank. Thus from the late 1950s the Bretton Woods institutions began to shift their attention more towards developing countries. Despite years of stable and rapid growth, not all was well in this post-war world. From the 1960s the rising costs of its overseas involvements weakened the US’s finances and competitive strength. The US dollar now no longer commanded confidence as the world’s principal currency. It could not maintain its value in relation to gold. This eventually led to the collapse of the system of fixed exchange rates and the introduction of a system of floating exchange rates.
Source C- Indentured Labour
Recruitment was done by agents engaged by employers and paid a small commission. Many migrants agreed to take up work hoping to escape poverty or oppression in their home villages. Agents also tempted the prospective migrants by providing false information about final destinations, modes of travel, the nature of the work, and living and working conditions. Often migrants were not even told that they were to embark on a long sea voyage. Sometimes agents even forcibly abducted less willing migrants. Nineteenth-century indenture has been described as a ‘new system of slavery’. On arrival at th plantations, labourers found conditions to be different from what they had imagined. Living and working conditions were harsh, and there were few legal rights.
Source A- MNCs
Q1. What is meant by the term ‘Tariff’?
Source B- End of Bretton Woods and the Beginning of ‘Globalisation’
Q2. On what the Bretton Woods system was based on?
Source C – Indentured Labour
Q3. ‘Nineteenth Century indenture has been described as a new system of slavery.’ Explain any two points.
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