Chapter-4: The Age of Industrialisation
Very Short Answer Type Questions (VSAQ) [1 Mark]
Q1. The person, who got people from village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in cities and provided them money in times of need was known as:
(a) Stapler (b) Fuller (c) Gomastha (d) Jobber
Q2 Why did Manchester export to India decline after the First World War?
(a) People were busy fighting the war. (b) Factories closed down due to security problem. (c) Factories and mills were busy producing goods to fulfill the need of army. (d) Export trade was restricted by the government.
Q3. Why were workers in England hostile to machines and new technology?
(a) They did not know how to use these. (b) They feared that they would lose their jobs and livelihood. (c) The workers were too poor to buy new machines. (d) They were scared of machines.
Q4. From which of the following trade did the early entrepreneurs make a fortune?
(a) Textile trade (b) China trade (c) Trade in tea (d) Industries
Q5. Why were there frequent clashes between the gomastha and the weavers?
(a) The weavers hated foreigners. (b) The gomastha forced the weavers to sell goods at a dictated price. (c) Gomasthas were outsiders without long term social link with the village. (d) None of the above.
Q6. Which war materials were produced in India to supply to Britain during World War I?
(a) Gunpowder, cannons and other ammunition. (b) Jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots. (c) Medicines for the wounded soldiers. (d) Hammers, axes and other building material.
Q7. Guilds were associations of _____.
Q8. ______ was a mechanical device used for weaving.
Q9. Manchester in England was well-known for _____.
Q10. The yarn produced in Indian industries was exported to ______.
Q11. In Bengal, Dwarakanath Tagore made his fortune in China Trade. (True/False)
Q12. Advertisements make the products appear desirable and necessary. (True/False)
Q13. When there is plenty of labour, wages are low. (True/False)
Q14. Match the columns.
Column A Column B
(a) Gomasthas (i) Seth Hukumchand
(b) Spinning Jenny (ii) Official who acted as company’s agent
(c) Steam engine (iii) Richard Arkwright
(d) Cotton mill (iv) James Hargreaves
(e) First Indian jute mill (v) James Watt
1. (a) (ii), (b) (iv), (c) (v), (d) (iii), (e) (i)
2. (a) (ii), (b) (iii), (c) (v), (d) (iv), (e) (i)
3. (a) (i), (b) (iv), (c) (v), (d) (iii), (e) (ii)
4. (a) (ii), (b) (iv), (c) (i), (d) (iii), (e) (v)
Q15. What is proto-industrialization?
Q16. Why the merchants from towns in Europe began to move countryside in seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?
Q17. What was the first symbol of the new era in England in the late 18th century?
Q18. How did the early Indian entrepreneurs make their fortune?
Q19. Who are the bourgeoisie?
Q20. Why did Britain turn to India for cotton supplies by 1860s?
Q21. Why did the East India Company appoint Gomasthas?
Q22. Who was Henry Patullo? What did he say about the Indian textiles?
Q23. Why did Britain turn to India for cotton supplies by 1860s?
Q25. The expansion of railways boosted the growth of _ and industries.
Q26. G.D. Birla was a Parsi entrepreneur who built huge industrial empire in India. (True/False)
Q27. Where was the first jute mill established? (a) Surat (b) Delhi (c) Calcutta (d) Bombay
Short Answer Type Questions (SAQ) [3 Marks]
Q29. What was the result of First World War on Indian industries?
Q30. Who was a jobber? Explain his functions.
Q31. What were the problems of Indians weavers at the early 19th century?
Q32. What does the picture indicate on the famous book ‘Dawn of the century’?
Q33. How did the seasonality of employment affect the lives of Indian workers during 18th century? Explain.
Q34. What were guilds? How did they make it difficult for new merchants to set business in towns of England? Explain.
Q35. Explain the role played by advertisements in creating new consumers for the British products buying them.
Q36. Why did the East India Company appoint gomashthas? Give three reasons.
Q37. Why the system of advances proved harmful for the weavers?
Q38. How did industries develop in India in the second half of the nineteenth century? Explain.
Q39. “Although wages increased somewhat in the nineteenth century, yet they could not improve the welfare of the workers.” How far do you agree with the statement?
Q40. Why were Victorian industrialists not interested to introduce machines in England? Give reasons.
Q41. Explain the position of Indian Textiles in the international market before machines were introduced in India.
Q42. Why did the network of export trade in textiles controlled by the Indian merchants break down by the 1750s?
Long Answer Type Questions (LAQ) [5 Marks]
Q43. Explain the main features of Proto – Industrialization?
Q44. How did the British market expand their goods in India?
Q45. ‘The Industrial Revolution was a mixed Blessing.’ Explain?
Q46. “Historians now have come to increasingly recognised that the typical worker in the mid- nineteenth century was not a machine operator but the traditional craftsperson and labourer.”Analyse the statement.
Q47. By the first decade of the twentieth century a series of changes affected the pattern of industrialization in India.” Support the statement with examples.
Passage Based Short Answers Type Questions (SAQ)
Read the sources given below and answer the questions that follow.
Source A- What Happened to Weavers?
The consolidation of East India Company power after the 1760s did not initially lead to a decline in textile exports from India. British cotton industries had not yet expanded and Indian fine textiles werein great demand in Europe. So the company was keen on expanding textile exports from India. However, once the East India Company established political power, it could assert a monopoly right to trade. It proceeded to develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs, and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods. This it did through a series of steps.
Source B- Where Did the Workers Come From?
Factories needed workers. With the expansion of factories, this demand increased. In 1901, there were 584,000 workers in Indian factories. By 1946 the number was over 2,436, 000. Where did the workers come from? In most industrial regions workers came from the districts around. Peasants and artisans who found no work in the Page | 22 village went to the industrial centres in search of work. Over 50 per cent workers in the Bombay cotton industries in 1911 came from the neighbouring district of Ratnagiri, while the mills of Kanpur got most of their textile hands from the villages within the district of Kanpur. Most often millworkers moved between the village and the city, returning to their village homes during harvests and festivals. Over time, as news of employment spread, workers travelled great distances in the hope of work in the mills. From the United Provinces, for instance, they went to work in the textile mills of Bombay and in the jute mills of Calcutta.
Source C – Industrial workforce
Getting jobs was always difficult, even when mills multiplied and the demand for workers increased. The numbers seeking work were always more than the jobs available. Entry into the mills was also restricted. Industrialists usually employed a jobber to get new recruits. Very often the jobber was an old and trusted worker. He got people from his village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided them money in times of crisis. The jobber therefore became a person with some authority and power. He began demanding money and gifts for his favour and controlling the lives of workers. The number of factory workers increased over time. However, as you will see, they were a small proportion of the total industrial workforce.
Source A- What Happened to Weavers?
Q1. Why did the industrial groups in England pressurised the government to impose import duties cotton textiles? 1
Source B- Where Did the Workers Come From?
Q2. Where were most of the large scale industries located in 1911? 2
Source C – Industrial workforce
Q3. Who were the Jobbers? Explain their main functions. 2
2. Read the sources given below and answer the questions that follow.
Source A- The Early Entrepreneurs
In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore made his fortune in the China trade before he turned to industrial investment, setting up six joint-stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s. Tagore’s enterprises sank along with those of others in the wider business crises of the 1840s, but later in the nineteenth century many of the China traders became successful industrialists. In Bombay, Paresis like Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata who built huge industrial empires in India, accumulated their initial wealth partly from exports to China, and partly from raw cotton shipments to England. Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari businessman who set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917, also traded with China. So did the father as well as grandfather of the famous industrialist G.D. Birla.
Source B- Before the Industrial Revolution
There is a problem with such ideas. Even before factories began to dot the landscape in England and Europe, there was large-scale industrial production for an international market. This was not based on factories. Many historians now refer to this phase of industrialisation as proto-industrialisation. In the countryside poor peasants and artisans began working for merchants. this was a time when open fields were disappearing and commons were being enclosed. Cottagers and poor peasants who had earlier depended on common lands for their survival, gathering their firewood, berries, vegetables, hay and straw, had to now look for alternative sources of income. Many had tiny plots of land which could not provide work for all members of the household. So when merchants came around and offered advances to produce goods for them, peasant households eagerly agreed. By working for the merchants, they could remain in the countryside and continue to cultivate their small plots. Income from Page | 23 proto-industrial production supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation. It also allowed them a fuller use of their family labour resources.
Source C – The Pace of Industrial Change
The new industries could not easily displace traditional industries. Even at the end of the nineteenth century, less than 20 percent of the total workforce was employed in technologically advanced industrial sectors. Textiles was a dynamic sector, but a large portion of the output was produced not within factories, but outside, within domestic units. the pace of change in the ‘traditional’ industries was not set by steam-powered cotton or metal industries, but they did not remain entirely stagnant either. Seemingly ordinary and small innovations were the basis of growth in many non-mechanised sectors such as food processing, building, pottery, glass work, tanning, furniture making, and production of implements. Technological changes occurred slowly. They did not spread dramatically across the industrial landscape. New technology was expensive and merchants and industrialists were cautious about using it. The machines often broke down and repair was costly. They were not as effective as their inventors and manufacturers claimed.
Source A- The Early Entrepreneurs
Q1. Where was the first jute mill set up in India? 1
Source B- Before the Industrial Revolution
Q2. What is meant by proto-industrialization? Why was it successful in the countryside in England the 17th Century? 2
Source C – The Pace of Industrial Change
Q3.Why did technological changes occur slowly in Britain in the early nineteenth century? Explain two reasons. 2
Read the sources given below and answer the questions that follow.
Source A- The Age of Industrialisation
In 1900, a popular music publisher E.T. Paull produced a music book that had a picture on the cover page announcing the ‘Dawn of the Century’. As you can see from the illustration, at the centre of the picture is a goddess-like figure, the angel of progress, bearing the flag of the new century. She is gently perched on a wheel with wings, symbolising time. Her flight is taking her into the future. Floating about, behind her, are the signs of progress: railway, camera, machines, printing press and factory.
Source B- Hand Labour
A range of products could be produced only with hand labour. Machines were oriented to producing uniforms, standardised goods for a mass market. But the demand in the market was often for goods with intricate designs and specific shapes. In mid-nineteenth-century Britain, for instance, 500 varieties of hammers were produced and 45 kinds of axes. These required human skill, no mechanical technology. In Victorian Britain, the upper classes – the aristocrats and the bourgeoisie – preferred things produced by hand. Handmade products came to symbolise refinement and class. They were better finished, individually produced, and carefully designed. Machine-made goods were for export to the colonies. In countries with labour shortage, industrialists were keen on using mechanical power so that the need for human labour can be minimised. This was the case in nineteenth-century America. Britain, however, had no problem hiring human hands.
Source C- Market for Goods
We have seen how British manufacturers attempted to take over the Indian market, and how Indian weavers and craftsmen, traders and industrialists resisted colonial controls, demanded tariff protection, created their own spaces, and tried to extend the market for their produce. But when new products are produced people have to be Page | 24 persuaded to buy them. They have to feel like using the product. How was this done? One way in which new consumers are created is through advertisements. As you know, advertisements make products appear desirable and necessary. They try to shape the minds of people and create new needs. Today we live in a world where advertisements surround us. They appear in newspapers, magazines, hoardings, street walls, television screens. But if we look back into history we find that from the very beginning of the industrial age, advertisements have played a part in expanding the markets for products, and in shaping a new consumer culture.
Source A- The Age of Industrialisation
Q1. Who produced a popular music book that had a picture on the cover page announcing of the Century? 1
Source B- Hand Labour
Q2. “The upper classes, during Victorian period, preferred things produced by hands.” Explain. 2
Source C – Market for Goods
Q3. Explain the role played by advertisements in creating new consumers for the British product 2
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